This huge difference failed to affect the new Western european sex workers

The trouble out-of Trafficking

Trafficking arrived toward political plan once tension from feminists and you will the fresh new federal ladies coverage agencies. To start with, feminine were trafficked regarding The southern area of Asia (significantly Thailand in addition to Philippines), Latin The usa (Columbia together with Dominican Republic and you may Africa (Ghana); following the fall of one’s Berlin Wall, change paths managed to move on in order to Main and you will East European countries. Governmental need had been determining the fresh offense a whole lot more generally to support prosecution and increasing the penalty from five to six many https://escortbabylon.de/en/austria/tyrol/lienz years, to ensure culprits will be stored from inside the remand custody. New blogs on penal code towards the person trafficking was basically changed when you look at the 1993, with an even more appropriate definition of the offense and higher punishment to have traffickers (Outshoorn 2004a: 195). The fresh new articles were framed when you look at the a great gender-neutral way, and trafficking remained recognized as forcing a man into prostitution.

In the parliamentary debates on trafficking around that period, foreign women were portrayed as victims of unscrupulous traffickers tricked into prostitution. This framing was tied into a discourse about the divide between the rich and poor countries: female prostitutes from the ‘Third World’ were driven by poverty. Gradually, a more insidious edge crept into this discourse when Christian Democrats in parliament linked trafficking to illegal migration, opening a space for ‘false’ victims, who used the loopholes in the law to work illegally as a prostitute in the Netherlands (HTK, 1991–1992, TK 81, pp. 4994, 4995, e time they also started to argue that all women from non-EU countries working in the sex industry were victims of forced prostitution. Therefore in their view, the best remedy to stop trafficking was to prevent non-EU women from working in the Dutch sex industry in the first place. This reasoning eradicated the figure of a woman migrant deciding to work as a sex worker in the West and who might make use of intermediaries to enter the country-with her consent. But then she was ‘illegal’ and ought to be deported.

Successive cabinets continued to refuse work permits on similar grounds, also arguing there was no national interest at stake which normally justifies extending work permits to non-EU persons. They were backed by a recurring majority in parliament; the parliamentary records show many references to the fear of foreign prostitutes entering the country which would subvert immigration policies. The fear resurfaced in the memorandum to the bill to lift the brothel ban, as one of the aims of the bill was to halt ‘the stream of foreign prostitutes’ (HTK 1996–97, 25437 (Opheffing Algemeen Bordeelverbod), no. 3 (Memorie van Toelichting), 1 July 1997, p. 13). The refusal to grant work permits was also generally justified by the aim of stopping the trafficking of women; permits would encourage traffickers to transport women into the country.

Kinds of Sex Experts

Next implementation of this new work contributed to the development out of no below five types of prostitutes. To start with, you’ve got the ethnically undefined Dutch sex worker who willingly decides to operate in prostitution and is the fresh new holder of municipal and you may societal legal rights. Next, discover the latest prostitutes off their Eu nations that will disperse easily in and out of your Netherlands and you can work in new sex globe. These kinds put into a couple of groups following accession towards the European union of your Baltic Says, Poland, Hungary, the fresh new Czech Republic and you will Slovakia into the 2004, and work out a third category which are only able to legally behave as prostitutes when they were separate sex gurus rather than professionals. Into the 2007, sex pros regarding the new Eu players was basically approved for the a keen equivalent footing into the earlier European union member gurus, nevertheless the 3rd class is actually today filled with sex specialists of Bulgaria and you can Romania when one another regions entered brand new Eu in this exact same season. Like their predecessors, this type of women are allowed to become separate sex professionals, but yet a lot less staff.