Childhood Maltreatment And Adolescents Peer Victimization: The Effect Of Security, School Connectedness And Gender
In conclusion, although further research is needed, this study identifies differences among girls and boys in CPV risk factors and among variables that predict reactive and proactive CPV, showing additionally that these results differ between specialist and generalist aggressors. We suggest the need to design and implement specialized prevention and intervention programs according to the type of aggressor, paying special attention to gender differences and to the factors that motivate one or the other type of CPV. In summary, in general terms, this study finds that specialist girls and boys present a similar profile and that the type of CPV they perform seems to depend on the type of parental practice received. Specifically, the pattern of CPV is similar between girls and boys in this group and they also do not differ in the parental practices analyzed, with parental victimization being a specific predictor of reactive CPV and parental permissiveness a specific predictor of proactive CPV. In contrast, generalist girls and boys, in general, present a different profile, and the type of CPV they perform does not seem to depend exclusively on a specific type of parental practice.
•Child maltreatment further affects peer victimization by undermining the sense of security. Interpersonal factors, which are processes and principal groups that can include social networks , and social support systems, such as families, and friendship networks. Eisenberg (Eds.), The handbook of child psychology (3rd ed., pp. 993–1027). Electronic databases searched to June 2019 included Medline, PsycINFO, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, EMBASE, and Informit, yielding 396 nonduplicative records.
Spanking and children’s social competence: Evidence from a US kindergarten cohort study
The findings highlight security and school connectedness are crucial factors in protecting adolescents from peer victimization. Besides, much attention should focus on boys, as boys with insecurity are more likely to be victimized by peers. Sexual partners have a substantial influence on the contraceptive decisions adolescent girls make. Adolescent girls are the principal users of contraceptives and typically bear responsibility for contraceptive use, despite their partners having significant influence in deciding the type of contraceptive used .
Feature Papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and undergo peer review prior to publication. Kann, L., McManus, T., Harris, W. A., Shanklin, S. L., Flint, K. H., Queen, B., Lowry, R., Chyen, D., Whittle, L., Thornton, J., Lim, C., Bradford, D., Yamakawa, Y., Leon, M., Brener, N., & Ethier, K. A. Due to inconsistencies in reporting and differing sample sizes between outcomes, not all moderating variables could be used for all outcomes.
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Dr Simon Wessely of King’s College Hospital, London suggested it was a form of ‘collective behaviour’. He suggested that the screaming outbreak was caused by the constricted environment. In Malaysian culture burial sites and trees are common settings for supernatural tales about the spirits of dead infants , vampiric ghosts and vengeful female spirits . Authorities responded to the Kelantan outbreak by cutting down trees around the school.
Traditionally, two types have been identified ; CPV motivated by reactive reasons occurs as a response to a perceived threat of harm, and CPV motivated by proactive reasons occurs as an instrument to obtain self-benefits. Despite its relevance, few studies have explored its role , and only one has done so regarding the specialist and generalist profile , with further research being necessary. In this line, the importance of identifying which specific factors predict reactive and proactive CPV has been pointed out since different factors seem to trigger different types of CPV. For example, it was found that family victimization is related to reactive CPV through some components of social information processing such as anger, and to proactive CPV through other components such as justification of violence . However, there are no studies on profiles that have explored whether the factors that explain reactive CPV are different from the factors that explain proactive CPV and whether they differ according to the type of aggressor.
Data Sources
Regression analysis of COVID-19 cases, vaccinations, and oral broad-spectrum antibiotic use by region, December 2020–May 2022. Regression analysis (without accounting for COVID-19 vaccines) of COVID-19 cases and oral broad-spectrum antibiotic use by region, March 2020–May 2022. Regression analysis http://datingmentor.net/xmeeting-review/ of COVID-19 cases, vaccinations, and oral broad-spectrum antibiotic use, December 2020–May 2022. Regression analysis of COVID-19 cases and oral broad-spectrum antibiotic use, March 2020–May 2022. The COVID-19 pandemic renewed attention to the need to tackle antibiotic misuse and AMR.
Global antibiotic use during the COVID-19 pandemic: analysis of pharmaceutical sales data from 71 countries, 2020–2022
The specific moderating variables used in each analysis are identified in the corresponding section for each of the five outcomes . Parental support was a significant protective marker against physical TDV victimization. Journals.sagepub.com needs to review the security of your connection before proceeding. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI.
It is widely debated whether effect sizes from single-group designs can be appropriately combined with those from two-group designs (Cuijpers et al. 2017; Lipsey and Wilson 2001). Some researchers have argued that effect sizes can be pooled if they provide estimates of the same treatment effect and are computed in the same metric . To determine whether there is appropriate equivalence between studies, researchers must first consider how well a single-group study controls for potential bias and other factors that could impact the reliability of the treatment estimate (Borenstein and Hedges 2019; Morris and DeShon 2002). Following these suggestions, the single-group evaluations in the current study were assessed for comparability to the treatment effect in the two-group studies, and effect sizes were computed using an adapted Cohen’s d and transformed to a raw score metric.
More specifically, a low ability to regulate emotions significantly predicted CPV motivated by reactive reasons and by proactive reasons. Although in line with previous research , in this study, low emotional regulation was more relevant in predicting reactive CPV than proactive CPV. These results underline the capacity of emotional dysregulation to trigger proactive and especially reactive CPV in these two aggressor types.
Further research in this direction could be useful in focusing interventions on the type of violence used by each type of aggressor based on the specific factors that trigger them. In this line, one theory suggests that specialist aggressors would exercise reactive CPV in response to harsh parental discipline in terms of parental authority and violence, whereas generalist aggressors would exercise proactive CPV due to the influence of permissive parental discipline . However, it was found that generalist aggressors, while they informed more proactive reasons for exerting CPV and had more permissive parental discipline than specialists, also informed more reactive reasons and experienced more parental violence than specialists . Thus, the available evidence suggests that reactive CPV and parental victimization would not be more characteristic of specialists and that proactive CPV and parental permissiveness would not be the only variables more characteristic of generalists.
Further, some variables, such as self-esteem and personality, had very few studies included in the meta-analysis. Finally, because several identified factors are often co-occurring, additive and interactive effects are recommended for exploration in future research. The search included Medline, PsycINFO, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, EMBASE, and Informit to June 2019. In addition, references of all included studies and gray literature were hand searched. Two authors (J.J.L. and B.K.) independently screened all titles and abstracts to determine which would proceed to full-text review.
An evaluation of iatrogenic outcomes is essential to provide recommendations for the most appropriate prevention strategies for TDV.57 Among the trials included in this meta-analysis, 3 of 19 studies reported iatrogenic effects at follow-ups. The lack of accurate information about contraceptives could be contributing to the fear of side effects. Studies showed that the information adolescents had about contraceptives, how they work, and how to use them was often inadequate, incomplete, and sometimes wrong , and studies reported similar findings . Lack of information also influences contraceptive decisions, and it was cited as a deterrent to using contraceptives .
Available data indicate that prevention programs may be effective in reducing physical dating violence among adolescents, but there is unclear evidence of the effect on sexual violence outcomes. Given the low number of studies on sexual violence, further high-quality research is needed. This meta-analysis also identifies different strategies that public health officers and researchers might use to enhance programs’ efficacy, such as tailoring interventions to high-risk and older youth.